Unlimited Instant Free SMS India Direct From AIRTEL LIVE Without Any Data Charges

Till now I have given some free SMS service in India and World.You can also send a free Instant SMS from Airtel.It is fast and you can send unlimited free SMS at no cost.

All you need to do is

1. A GPRS ENABLED HANDSET

2. Airtel connection with "AIRTEL LIVE" GPRS ACTIVATED
[Airtel live is a Pay as you go service with no rental and some free accessible sites ]

First of all register yourself with Renewed Indian SOCIAL NETWORKING
website INDYAROCKS.COM and remember create your login name and password Damn easy so that you can type it easily n fast form your mobile. After registering VERIFY your own mobile no [ requisite step to send SMS ] and that's it
Also choose Profile name extremely small as every time you will send free SMS to anyone it will showed up in top of massage.

Now just Use airtel live settings and open this FREE URL [ won't charged in Airtel ]
http://wap.google.com/gwt/n?u=www.indyarocks.com/mobile/p_rgsms.php
or
http://www.google.co.in/gwt/n?u=www.indyarocks.com/mobile/p_rgsms.php

Login with your Username and password [ what you chose during sign up from PC ]
and now after login you will get this page:

Enter recipient mobile no. [ ANY CDMA or GSM no. ] and in type your text :)
Remember You can only send 90 charcters in 1 msg . I think its Good and far beter than 160by2 .

NOTE: when you click on SUBMIT then next page you will get is
the same page as before i.e. same no. and same text but your sms
has already been sent :) so From now on Enjoy absolutely free texts
LOCAL or national, GSM or CDMA , MOREOVER HOME AREA or in ROAMING
Purely 100 % free of cost... :)

Configuring Gmail IMAP on your phone with Airtel & Vodafone

Let me first tell you what is Push Email, you will receive email as soon a new email is received by the mail server, just like SMS. To use this service you need IMAP or POP access to your mail server & also your mail server should support anyone of them. With POP access you can download your emails to phone, but server & phone will not be in sync. For ex: if you delete a mail on your phone, it will be still there in server. IMAP is more advanced which syncs both mail boxes. Whatever you do on any place, gets reflected everywhere. Thankfully Gmail provides IMAP access for all the accounts, you have to enable it by going to “Settings–>Forwarding & POP/IMAP”. Basic GPRS plans like Airtel Live & Vodafone Live doesn’t provide IMAP access, you have to activate Airtel Mobile Office & or Vodafone Mobile Connect.

Configuring on Phone:

This configuration is for Phones which come up with inbuilt mail client, if your phone doesn’t have that try using gmail mobile app available at http://m.google.com.

Open email client on your phone, goto “Settings–>Add new email” & configure as mentioned below:

Incoming Mail Server:

Email/user ID: Your Gmail ID
Password: Gmail Password
Incoming Mail Server: imap.google.com
Mailbox name: Gmail (you can use anyting)
Mailbox Type: IMAP4
Security Ports: SSL
Port: 993 or Default in some phones

Outgoing Mail Server:

Email/user ID: Your Gmail ID
Password: Gmail Password
Outgoing Mail Server: smtp.google.com
Security Ports: SSL/TSL
Port: 465 or 587 or Default in some phones

After configuration connect to your mailbox, now you wil receive emails as soon as they arrive!

TeaShark - Free Unlimited Internet from Mobile with Airtel Live

Once I had blogged about some hacks to use with Airtel Live for getting free and unlimited Internet . Most of them wont work now as Airtel fixed the loop holes in their service. What now new is, TeaShark - a Java Application just like Opera Mini , which can be used with Airtel Live connection to get unlimited , free and full access to Internet.

TeaShark gives you full web browsing on your mobile phone with superb usability and performance. It renders web pages the same way as desktop browsers. No more ‘mobile web’, your favourite sites are the same on your phone and the desktop.

TeaShark is free to download and use. Its in Java ( .jar) and so will work in a wide range of handsets. And above all, its not illegal as we are not tweaking or hacking any settings in software or handset settings. It worked perfectly for me . On first run , I felt that TeaShark took a bit time to start , in all three cases. After that it is just perfect! I tried with sets with a Airtel Live conenction which is free , but limited to Airtel Portal or related sites. But with TeaShark, I was able to check my Mails , Orkut and Google Reader. So its compatable with Web 2.0 , though not a perfect rendering as in PC.

The key features are :

• Fast , Smaller and Better , with just 120kb.
• Tabbed browsing and Page Thumbnails.
• Remembers previous Browsing Sessions.
• Bookmarks with Color Tags.
• Click , Search and Call.
• Auto complete in Editing.

The whole thing seems a fortunate coincidence
for mobile users and unfortunate one for network
operators. This trick cannot be termed illegal as
you are not cracking any software or modifying
any configuration. For the same reason, I think
this will take longer to get rectified.

Please keep in mind that AirTel or any mobile
operator can calculate all unbilled/free usage
anytime in future thus may charge you all of a sudden.So please use it at your own risk!

So , how to get in action?

Just download the TeaShark into your mobile.
[ Wap version wap.teashark.com ] or from Nokia Mosh

Install in your mobile and enjoy!

Here are some mobile sites…

• Gmail: m.gmail.com
• Orkut: m.orkut.com
• Facebook: m.facebook.com
• Twitter: m.twitter.com

Installing ebooks in Mobiles

1. What are e-books?

E-books are complete electronic versions of
novels and books that can bedownloaded and
read on a computer or laptop,on a dedicated
e-book reader, on a Palm or Windows-based
handheld computer, and even on a smartphone.
They can even be output on a laser printer
and read "ye olde-fashioned way." E-books
are considered by many to be the natural
next step in publishing, joining books with
computers and theelectronic age.Computer users are discovering
the ease of storinge-books on their computers, instead of
maintaining shelves of books,a great space saver.
More and more authors, including best sellers and award winners,
are being produced in e-book formats every day. 
You have a lot of choices! First of all, an e-book can be read
on any computer with an e-book reader application on it. Most
of the popular e-book reader software applications have a
version for PCs.

Some of the more popular software readers are Adobe Reader
(formerly called Acrobat),MS Reader,eReader,Mobipocket,andiSilo,
but there are many others. Most readers are free to download,
but if you buy encrypted books, you may have to register the
reader to read your e-book.

Digital Editions (.epub)	eReader (.pdb)	MobiPocket (.prc)
MS Reader (.lit)	Rich Text Format (rtf)	Sony Reader (lrf)

1)  Download the ebook Reader software


For more info please  have a look at this link :

http://www.mobipocket.com/en/DownloadSoft/
ProductDetailsReader52.asp

FOR MOBILES (WITH MODEL NUMBERS)



For MacOs, Linux or non-supported Windows users:

Mobipocket Reader is not supported on Mac or Linux systems, but you can install Mobipocket Reader on your PDA/smartphone via a Mac or Linux by downloading an individual installation package for your device:

Download the Reader software for PDA/smartphone without the PC installer

Platform	Version	Link	Details
Blackberry	6.0.76	mobireaderBlackberry.zip	RIM Blackberry
EpocR5	4.8.413	mobireader.epoc.5.sis	Psion
Franklin UA	0.0.0		Franklin BSI-1900
HPC	4.8.413	mobireader_hpc.arm.cab	Windows CE HPC and Jupiter platofmrs (ARM processors)
HPC	4.8.413	mobireader_hpc.mips.cab	Windows CE HPC and Jupiter platofmrs (MIPS processors)
HPC	4.8.413	mobireader_hpc.sh3.cab	Windows CE HPC and Jupiter platofmrs (SH3 processors)
OldWindowsMobile	4.9.446	mobireader_us.arm.cab	Microsoft Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, Pocket PC phone edition (ARM processor, old devices)
OldWindowsMobile	4.9.446	mobireader_us.mips.cab	Microsoft Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, Pocket PC phone edition (MIPS processor, old devices)
OldWindowsMobile	4.9.446	mobireader_us.sh3.cab	Microsoft Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, Pocket PC phone edition (SH3 processor, old devices)
OldWindowsMobilePhone	4.8.413	mobireader_us.smartphone.arm.cab	Microsoft Smartphone (old devices)
Palm	5.3.582	mobireader.prc mathlib.prc bluepalm.pdb	Palm One - Sony Clie - Garmin iQue - Tapwave Zodiac
Series60.1	5.3.581	mobireader.series60.1.sis	Nokia 3600/3620/3650/3660/6600/7650/N-Gage/N-Gage QD - Siemens SX1
Series60.2	5.3.581	mobireader.series60.2.sis	Nokia 3230/6260/6620/6630/6670/6680/6681/6682/7610/N70/N72/N90
Series60.3	5.3.576	mobireader.series60.3.sis	Nokia 3250/5500/E50/E60/E61/E62/E70/N71/N73/N75/N80/N91/N92/N93/N93i/N95
Series80.1	5.3.582	mobireader.series80.1.sis	Nokia 9210/9290
Series80.2	5.3.582	mobireader.series80.2.sis	Nokia 9300/9500
Series90.1	5.3.582	mobireader.series90.1.sis	Nokia 7710
UIQ.2	5.3.582	mobireader.uiq.2.sis	Sony Ericsson P800/P900/P910 - Motorola A920/A925/A1000/M1000 - BenQ P30
UIQ.3	5.2.550	mobireader.uiq.3.sis	Sony Ericsson M600/P990/W950
WindowsMobile	4.9.446	mobireader_us.mips.cab	Microsoft Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, Pocket PC phone edition (MIPS processor)
WindowsMobile	4.9.446	mobireader_us.sh3.cab	Microsoft Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, Pocket PC phone edition (SH3 processor)
WindowsMobile	5.3.582	mobireader.arm.cab	Microsoft Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, Pocket PC phone edition (ARM processor)
WindowsMobilePhone	5.3.582	mobireader.smartphone.arm.cab	Microsoft Smartphone

Download the file of your mobile model no. on the system and then
with the  help of bluetooth / Infrared / Data Cable transfer this
file to  Mobile.Then Just  run this file on your mobile that
software will be automatically  Install.

After  installing the ebook reader software,

2)  Download ebooks in .prc format  from



Here you  will get many  free ebooks in .prc format

Download the file on your system and then
with the  help of Bluetooth / Infrared / Data Cable transfer
this file to  Mobile.Just open  the messge so that ebooks get
stored in the mobile / reader  software.

Access  the book from the reader software.

E-book can also be downloaded in China mobiles.
Different China phones support different file format. While some
support ‘prc’, some support ‘pdb’.Software for these extensions
can be downloaded from the above platform.If your phone does not
support any of the two,there is a format that mostly all phones
support i.e. ‘txt’.Just create a text file on your computer and
save it in your phone.

You can also visit this website :

FREE BOOK READER FOR MOBILE PHONES BY TEQUILACAT

Get Your Mail Directly to Your Mobile Phone

Nokia has released the new version of Mail for Exchange (MfE), version 2.0.

So What is MailForExchange ?


It is a mail client application just like an office outlook
for
Nokia Eseries and Nseries that allows you to synchronize your phone
with Microsoft Exchange servers
at your office. You can synchronize and
recieve emails, contacts, calendars and tasks.


You can download Mail For Exchange from

http://www.businesssoftware.nokia.com/mail_for_exchange_downloads.php.

So the only thing you need to know is your username and password of your office account and the mail server name.

Compatible devices: Nokia E50, E60, E61, E61i, E62, E65, E70, E90, N73, N76, N95.

Use Orkut in Mobile through Orkut Mobile Vesion

Google has just launched a mobile version of Orkut at m.orkut.com - this new mobile site lets you read scraps, receive updates from existing friends plus you can approve or decline new friend requests.

You can also navigate the Orkut mobile using keypad shortcuts on your mobile phone like 3 for (F)riends, 7 for (S)crapbook, etc.

If you don't have a mobile with GPRS don't hesitate to check the mobile version from your Desktop. To check open the link in new window/tab m.orkut.com

Getting Orkut Scraps, Email Via Sms For Free

This is one of the things that we all Indians have been waiting for and could have thought that this could be possible. Now here it is to everyone.

• Now a very simple way has been found through which you can get your ORKUT scraps on your mobile phones via SMSs.
• No need of GPRS or WAP or internet connection on your mobile phones.
• No need of a hi-fi mobile phone.
• Just a simple cell phone needed which can receive SMSs. Thats it.
• No charges involved. It is totally FREE.

This is a simple trick (Hack) come to alive by the services provided by

• Blogger.com (Blog publishing platform by google).
• Orkutfeeds.com (Converts orkut scraps and community messages into web feeds).
• Mytoday.com (Free SMS delivery client website foe indian mobile users).

Follow the following simple steps & get your ORKUT scraps on your mobile for free like a simple SMS:

1. Login to your orkut account and click on your profile itself. You will get your orkut id on the address bar. Like http://www.orkut.co.in/Main#Profile.aspx?uid=8791476557154432792 in my case. So 8791476557154432792 is my unique Orkut id. Note yours.
2. Now go to http://www.mytoday.com/ and register your mobile. This can only be done by sending sms REG to 9845398453. This will cost you 1 to 3 Rupees based on the operator.

1. Now Mytoday will send you your password to your mobile.

Login to http://www.mytoday.com/ using your mobile number as id and the password that you received as sms on your number.

1. Click on the 'Manage' link under the heading Feeds.
2. Click on "SMS" and at the following page you will find an option to Add Feed with two form lines to fill. One is the 'Name' and the other is 'URL'

1. Now put any xyz name of ur interest in the 'Name' field.
2. Now in the URL insert this link http://www.orkutfeeds.com/feed.php?uid=8791476557154432792 (in my case). Everything is same but you will have to change the 8791476557154432792 with your unique Orkut id which you created and noted in step 1.
3. You are done.

Note:

• This trick will not work if the scrapbook you are using is locked. So please unlock the scrapbook before doing this.
• You will not receive the smss instantly. It could take over 3-4 hours for the scrap smss to reach your inbox.
• This whole trick/process is for Indian cell users only.
• The word limit is 71. So you wont get to read the full scrap if it exceeds 71 words.

Read Your Orkut Scraps Directly on Your GPRS Enabled Mobile Phone

Everybody knows orkut has become an addiction for lots of guys here

in india and other countries, as people are so much addicted that they
want to check for any new scrap after every minute in a hope they would
have received a scrap from their friends at orkut.

So i was just finding a way how you an simply read your orkut scrap book directly from your gprs enabled mobile phone.

How To Do it:

1.First Login to orkut.

2. Go to your profile and copy the uid in numeral in the address bar

3. Now to go to the “Enter url address option” in your mobile browser.

4. Now type “http://www.indian-tv.com/orkut.php?uid=yourorkutuid&img=true“(without quotes).

5. that’s it! Done.

For Example:

http://www.indian-tv.com/orkut.php?uid=8791476557154432792&img=true

Get free GPRS Settings for Any Operator Network in World on Your Mobile Phone

Normally we get the gprs settings for our phones when we contact our service providers like hutch ,airtel and bsnl etc through customer cares.
But we can simply get these settings for our sony ericsson and nokia phones and other phones by simply following the step by step procedure given below.

FOR NOKIA HANDSETS

ALL NOKIA HANDSETS by clicking here.

FOR SONY ERICSSON HANDSETS

ALL SONY ERICSSON HANDSETS by clicking here.

For all other company phones:

1. Enter the link given below in your browser address bar. http://www.operamini.com/help/connect/
2. Select Your phone manufacturer either Sony Ericsson or Nokia.
3. Follow the simple steps and then enter the image verification and your mobile no. on which you want to receive the gprs settings.
4. Having other phones, these global GPRS Settings will help setup your phones manually.

There ia another method to get GPRS setting of your mobile.Just visit http://gprs-settings-to-mob.rdr.cc and it send gprs setting right on your mobile phones absolutely free.

You will have to provide this information:

Mobile No: +country code then your no, exp: +919998979493

Phone Model: any in the world, exp: Nokia N95 or Sony Ericsson W910i

Operator: your mobile operator name, exp: vodafone or O2

Country/region: name of country and region where from your no, exp: India-Delhi.


All this is available on the website: http://gprs-settings-to-mob.rdr.cc
and as soon as possible they'll send you gprs settings totally free. So now onward don't waste your time in calling customer care of Vodafone, T-mobile, Virgin, idea, airtel, bsnl, O2, or any operator in the world. They ask many question but never satisfied a customer.

Glossary of Mobile Phone Terms and Acronyms

1G
The first generation of analogue mobile phone technologies including AMPS, TACS and NMT

2G
The second generation of digital mobile phone technologies including GSM, CDMA IS-95 and D-AMPS IS-136

2.5G
The enhancement of GSM which includes technologies such as GPRS

3G
The third generation of mobile phone technologies covered by the ITU IMT-2000 family

3GPP
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project, a grouping of international standards bodies, operators and vendors with the responsibility of standardising the WCDMA based members of the IMT-2000 family

3GPP2
The counterpart of 3GPP with responsibility for standardising the CDMA2000-based members of the IMT-2000 family. 3GPP2 is spearheaded by ANSI

8PSK
Octantal Phase Shift Keying

A5/1/2/3/8X
Encryption algorithms for GSM networks

AAL
ATM Adaptation Layer

ABR
Available Bit Rate

A-bis
Interface between the BSC and BTS in a GSM network

AB
Access Burst; used for random access and characterised by a longer guard period to allow for burst transmission from a MS that does not know the correct timing advance when first contacting a network

ACTE
Approvals Committee for Terminal Equipment

ACTS
Advanced Communications Technologies and Services – a European technology initiative

ACU
Antenna Combining Unit

ADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation; a form of voice compression that typically uses 32kbit/s

AFC
Automatic Frequency Control

AGCH
Access Grant Channel; downlink only, BTS allocates a TCH or SDCCH to the MS, allowing it access to the network

Air interface
In a mobile phone network, the radio transmission path between the base station and the mobile terminal

A-interface
Interface between the MSC and BSS in a GSM network

AM
Amplitude Modulation

AMPS
Advanced Mobile Phone System, the analogue mobile phone technology used in North and South America and in around 35 other countries. Operates in the 800MHz band using FDMA technology

AMR
Adaptive Multi-Rate codec. Developed in 1999 for use in GSM networks, the AMR
has been adopted by 3GPP for 3G

Analogue
The representation of information by a continuously variable physical quantity such as voltage

ANSI
American National Standards Institute. An non-profit making US organisation which does not carry out standardisation work but reviews the work of standards bodies and assigns them category codes and numbers

ANSI-136
See D-AMPS

API
Application Program Interface

AoC
Advice of Charge

ARIB
Association of Radio Industries and Businesses. An organisation established by Japan’s Ministry of Posts and Communications to act as the standardisation authority for radio communication and broadcasting

ARPU
Average Revenue Per User

ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASIC
Application Specific Integrated Circuit

ASP
Application Service Provider

Asymmetric Transmission
Data transmissions where the traffic from the network to the subscriber is at a higher rate than the traffic from the subscriber to the network

A-TDMA
Advanced Time Division Multiple Access

ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode; a multiplexed information transfer and switching method in which the data is organised into fixed length 53-octet cells and transmitted according to each application’s instantaneous need

AUC
Authentication Centre; the element within a GSM network which generates the parameters for subscriber authentication

Bandwidth
A term meaning both the width of a transmission channel in terms of Hertz and the maximum transmission speed in bits per second that it will support

BCH
Broadcast Channels; carry only downlink information and are mainly responsible for synchronisation and frequency correction (BCCH, FCCH and SCH)

BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel; the logical channel used in cellular networks to broadcast signalling and control information to all mobile phones within the network

B-CDMA
Broadband Code Division Multiple Access

B-ISDN
Broadband ISDN

BER
Bit Error Rate; the percentage of received bits in error compared to the total number of bits received

BERT
Bit Error Rate Test

Bit
A bit is the smallest unit of information technology. As bits are made up using the binary number system, all multiples of bits must be powers of two i.e. a kilobit is actually 1024 bits and a megabit 1048576 bits. Transmission speeds are given in bits per second (bit/s)

Bluetooth
A low power, short range wireless technology designed to provide a replacement for the serial cable. Operating in the 2.4GHz ISM band, Bluetooth can connect a wide range of personal, professional and domestic devices such a laptop computers and mobile phones together wirelessly.

BHCA
Busy Hour Call Attempts; the number of call attempts made during a network’s busiest hour of the day

BSC
Base Station Controller; the network entity controlling a number of Base Transceiver Stations

BSS
Base Station System/Subsystem

BTS
Base Transceiver Station; the network entity which communicates with the mobile station

CAI
Common Air Interface; a standard developed for the UK’s public CT2 networks which enabled the same handset to be used on different networks

CAMEL
Customised Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic; an IN feature in GSM networks that enables users to carry personal services with them when roaming into other networks that support CAMEL

CSE
CAMEL Service Environment

Capacity
A measure of a cellular network’s ability to support simultaneous calls

CB
Cell Broadcast

CC
Call Control; manages call connections

CCB
Customer Care and Billing

CCCH
Common Control Channels; a group of uplink and downlink channels between the MS and the BTS (see PCH, AGCH and RACH)

CCS7
Common Channel Signalling No. 7

CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access; also known as spread spectrum, CDMA cellular systems utilise a single frequency band for all traffic, differentiating the individual transmissions by assigning them unique codes before transmission. There are a number of variants of CDMA (see W-CDMA, B-CDMA, TD-SCDMA et al)

CDMAone
The first commercial CDMA cellular system; deployed in North America and Korea; also known as IS-95

CDMA2000
A member of the IMT-2000 3G family; backwardly compatible with cdmaOne

CDMA 1X
The first generation of cdma2000; the standardisation process indicated that there would be CDMA 2X and CDMA 3X but this no longer appears likely

CDMA 1X EV-DO
A variant of CDMA 1X which delivers data only

CDPD
Cellular Digital Packet Data; a packet switched data service largely deployed in the USA. The service uses idle analogue channels to carry the packetised information.

CDPSK
Coherent Differential Phase Shift Keying

CDR
Call Detail Records; the record made within the cellular network of all details of both incoming and outgoing calls made by subscribers, The CDR is passed to the billing system for action

Cell
The area covered by a cellular base station. A cell site may sectorise its antennas to service several cells from one locationCell site
The facility housing the transmitters/receivers, the antennas and associated equipment

Cell splitting
The process of converting a single cell to multiple cells by sectorising the antennas in the cell site or constructing additional cells within a cell site

CELP
Code Excited Linear Prediction; an analogue to digital voice coding scheme, there are a number of variants used in cellular systems

CEPT
Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications. A organisation of national posts, telegraphs and telephone administrations. Until 1988, when this work was take over by ETSI, the main European body for telecommunications standardisation. CEPT established the original GSM standardisation group

CF
Call Forwarding

CI
Carrier to Interference ratio

CIBER
Cellular Intercarrier Billing Exchange Roamer Record

CID
Caller Identification

Circuit switching
A method used in telecommunications where a temporary dedicated circuit of constant bandwidth is established between two distant endpoints in a network. Mainly used for voice traffic; the opposite of packet switching

CLID
Calling Line Identification

CLIP
Calling Line Identification Presentation

CLIR
Calling Line Identification Restriction

CM
Connection Management; is used to set up, maintain and take down call connections

CMOS
Complementary Metal Oxide Substrate

Codec
A word formed by combining coder and decoder the codec is a device which encodes and decodes signals. The voice codec in a cellular network converts voice signals into and back from bit strings. In GSM networks, in addition to the standard voice codec, it is possible to implement Half Rate (HR) codecs and Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codecs

Control signal
A signal sent to a cellular phone from a base station or vice versa which carries information essential to the call but not including the audio portion of a conversation

CPE
Customer Premises Equipment; all the equipment on the end user’s side of the network interface

CPU
Central Processing Unit

CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRM
Customer Relationship Management

CSS
Customer Support System

CT
Cordless Telephony

CT0
Zero generation cordless telephony; the earliest domestic cordless phones which used analogue technology and which had severe limitations in terms of range and security

CT1
First generation cordless telephony; Improved analogue phones with greater range and security; a number of European nations produced CT1 standards

CT2
Second generation cordless telephony; Using digital technology CT2 phones offered greater range, improved security and a wide range of new functionalities. Used in both domestic and cordless PABX deployments, CT2 was standardised as an interim ETS but was overwhelmed by DECT

CT2-CAI
Second generation cordless telephony-common air interface

CTA
Cordless Terminal Adaptor; a DECT term

CTM
Cordless Terminal Mobility

CTR
Common Technical Regulation; part of the ETSI standardisation process

CUG
Closed User Group

D/A
Digital to Analogue conversion

DAC
Digital to Analogue Convertor

DAMA
Demand Assigned Multiple Access

D-AMPS
Digital AMPS, a US wireless standard also known as IS-136

DAN
DECT Access Node

DCA
Dynamic Channel Assignment

DCCH
Dedicated Control Channels; responsible for roaming, handovers, encryption etc. (See SDCCH, SACCH and FACCH)

DCE
Data Communications Equipment

DCH
Data Clearing House

DCPSK
Differentially Coherent Phase Shift Keying

DCS1800
Digital Cellular System at 1800MHz, now known as GSM1800

DECT
Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications system, a second generation digital cordless technology standardised by ETSI

DEPSK
Differential Encoded Phase Shift Keying

DES
Digital Encryption Standard

DFSK
Double Frequency Shift Keying

Digital
a method of representing information as numbers with discrete values; usually expressed as a sequence of bits

DPCM
Differential Pulse Code Modulation

DPSK
Digital Phase Shift Keying

DQPSK
Digital Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

DS-CDMA
Direct Sequence CDMA

DSP
Digital Signal Processing

DSRR
Digital Short Range Radio; a UK standard for a low power, short range radio system designed for small voice and data networks

DTE
Data Terminal Equipment

DTMF
Dual Tone MultiFrequency; better know as Touch Tone. The tones generated by touching the keys on the phone are used for a variety of purposes including voice mail systems and voice messaging

DTX
Discontinuous Transmission

Dual Band
The capability of GSM infrastructure elements and handsets to work across both the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands. The capability to seamlessly handover between the two bands offers operators major capacity gains

DB
Dummy Burst; transmitted as a filler in unused timeslots of the carrier

Duplex
The wireless technique where one frequency band is used for traffic from the network to the subscriber (the downlink) and another, widely separated, band is used for traffic from the subscriber to the network (the uplink)

EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution; effectively the final stage in the evolution of the GSM standard, EDGE uses a new modulation schema to enable theoretical data speeds of up to 384kbit/s within the existing GSM spectrum. An alternative upgrade path towards 3G services for operators, such as those in the USA, without access to new spectrum. Also known as Enhanced GPRS (E-GPRS)

EEPROM
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

EFR
Enhanced Full Rate; a alternative voice codec that provides improved voice quality in a GSM network (see codec)

EFT
Electronic Funds Transfer

EGSM
Extended (frequency range) GSM

EIR
Equipment Identity Register; a database that contains a list of all valid mobile stations within a network based on their IMEI

EIRP
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

EPOC
The mobile phone operating system developed by Symbian. Derived from epoch-the beginning of an era-EPOC is a 32-bit operating environment which comprises a suite of applications, customisable user interfaces, connectivity options and a range of development tools

EPROM
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

Erlang
A dimensionless unit of average traffic density in a telecommunications network

ERMES
Enhanced Radio Messaging System; a paging technology developed by ETSI which was intended to allow users to roam throughout Europe. Adopted by a number of European and Middle Eastern countries, ERMES, like paging in general, was overtaken by the ubiquity of GSM

ERO
European Radiocommunications Office

ERP
Effective Radiated Power

ESMR
Enhanced Special Mobile Radio; a US PMR variant (see SMR)

ESN
Electronic Serial Number; a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a mobile phone

ESPRIT
European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technology

ETACS
Extended TACS; the extension of TACS by the addition of new frequencies

ETS
European Telecommunications Standard

ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute: The European group responsible for defining telecommunications standards

FACCH
Fast Associated Control Channel; similar to the SDCCH but used in parallel for operation of the TCH. If the data rate of the SACCH is insufficient borrowing mode is used

FB
Frequency Correction Burst; used for frequency synchronisation of the mobile

FCC
Federal Communications Commission; the US regulatory body for telecommunications

FCCH
Frequency Correction Channel; downlink only, correction of MS frequencies, transmission of frequency standard to MS etc.

FDD
Frequency Division Duplex; a radio technique which uses paired spectrum; UMTS has an FDD element

FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access-a transmission technique where the assigned frequency band for a network is divided into sub-bands which are allocated to a subscriber for the duration of their calls

FEC
Forward Error Correction

FH
Frequency Hopping

FH-CDMA
Frequency Hopping CDMA

FMC
Fixed Mobile Convergence

FMI
Fixed Mobile Integration

FPLMTS
Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System, the original title of the ITU’s third generation concept now known as IMT-2000

FRA
Fixed Radio Access; see WLL

FSDPSK
Filtered Symmetric Differential Phase Shift Keying

FSK
Frequency Shift Keying; a method of using frequency modulation to send digital information

FSOQ
Frequency Shift Offset Quadrature Modulation

FSS
Fixed Satellite ServiceGb
The interface between the PCU and the SGSN in a GSM/GPRS network

Gc
The interface between the GGSN and the HLR in a GSM/GPRS network

Gd
The interface between the SGSN and the SMSC in a GSM/GPRS network

Gf
The interface between the SGSN and the EIR in a GSM/GPRS network

Gi
The interface between the GGSN and the Internet in a GPRS network

Gn
The interface between the GGSN and the SGSN in a GPRS network

Gp
The interfaces between the GGSN/SGSN and the Border Gateway in a GPRS network

Gr
The interface between the SGSN and the HLR in a GPRS network

Gs
The interface between the SGSN and the MSC in a GSM/GPRS network

GAIT
GSM/ANSI 136 Interoperability Committee

GAP
Generic Access Profile; a DECT term

Gbit/s
A unit of data transmission rate equal to one billion bits per second

GMSC
Gateway Mobile Services Switching Centre; the gateway between two networks

GCF
Global Certification Forum

Geostationary
Refers to a satellite in equatorial orbit above the earth which appears from the surface to be stationary

GERAN
GSM-EDGE Radio Access Network; the name for the evolution of GSM towards 3G based on EDGE

GGRF
GSM Global Roaming Forum

GGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node; the gateway between a cellular network and a IP network.

GHz
A unit of frequency equal to one billion Hertz per second

GMPCS
Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite

GMSK
Gaussian filtered Minimum Shift Keying; a refinement of FSK which minimises adjacent channel interference

GPRS
General Packet Radio Service; standardised as part of GSM Phase 2+, GPRS represents the first implementation of packet switching within GSM, which is a circuit switched technology. GPRS offers theoretical data speeds of up to 115kbit/s using multislot techniques. GPRS is an essential precursor for 3G as it introduces the packet switched core required for UMTS

GPS
Global Positioning System; a location system based on a constellation of US Department of Defence satellites. Depending on the number of satellites visible to the user can provide accuracies down to tens of metres. Now being incorporated as a key feature in an increasing number of handsets

GRX
GPRS Roaming Exchange

GSM
Global System for Mobile communications, the second generation digital technology originally developed for Europe but which now has in excess of 71 per cent of the world market. Initially developed for operation in the 900MHz band and subsequently modified for the 850, 1800 and 1900MHz bands. GSM originally stood for Groupe Speciale Mobile, the CEPT committee which began the GSM standardisation process

GSM MoU
The GSM Memorandum of Understanding, an agreement signed between all the major European operators to work together to promote GSM. The precursor of the GSM Association

GSM-R
GSM-Railway, A variant of GSM designed to meet the special communications needs of international train operators

Handoff
The transfer of control of a cellular phone call in progress from one cell to another, without any discontinuity

Hands-free
The operation of a cellular phone without using the handset; usually installed in vehicles.

HCS
Hierarchical Cell Structure; the architecture of a multi-layered cellular network where subscribers are handed over from the macro to the micro to the pico layer depending on the current network capacity and the needs of the subscriber

HDLC
High level Data Link Control

HIPERLAN
High Performance Radio Local Access Network; a wireless local area network being standardised by ETSI (Also HIPERLAN2)

HLR
Home Location Register; the database within a GSM network which stores all the subscriber data. An important element in the roaming process

HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data; a special mode in GSM networks which provides higher data throughput By cocatenating a number of timeslots, each delivering 14.4kbit/s, much higher data speeds can be achieved

HSPSD
High Speed Packet Switched DataIub
The interface between the Node B and the RNC in a UMTS network

Iur
The interface between RNCs in a UMTS network

Iups
The connection between the RNC and the packet switched network in a GSM/GPRS/UMTS network

Iucs
The connection between the RNC and the circuit switched network in a GSM/GPRS/
UMTS network

I-ETS
Interim European Telecommunications Standard

I-mode
A service developed by Japanese operator NTT DoCoMo, I-mode delivers a huge range of services to subscribers and has proved enormously popular with some 30 million regular users. The revenue sharing model used for I-mode is being adopted by other operators as the basis for the new services enabled by GPRS and 3G

IMEI
International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity; an internal subscriber identity used only by the network

IMT-2000
The family of third generation technologies approved by the ITU. There are five members of the family: IMT-DS, a direct sequence WCDMA FDD solution IMT-TC, a WCDMA TDD solution IMT-MC, a multicarrier solution developed from cdma2000 IMT-SC, a single carrier solution developed from IS-136/UWC-136 IMT-FT, a TDMA/TDD solution derived from DECT

IN
Intelligent Network

INAP
Intelligent Network Application Part

Internet
A loose confederation of autonomous databases and networks. Originally developed for academic use the Internet is now a global structure of millions of sites accessible by anyone

Intranet
A private network which utilises the same techniques as the Internet but is accessible only by authorised users

IP
Internet Protocol

IPR
Intellectual Property Rights

IPv6
The next generation of IP addressing designed to replace the current system IPv4 which uses a 32 bit address code which limits the number of possible addresses. IPv6 uses a 128 bit code ensuring that the possible number of IP addresses will be virtually limitless

IrDA
Infra red Data Association

Iridium
A low earth orbit satellite communications system developed initially by Motorola.

IS-54
The first evolution in the USA from analogue to digital technology. Used a hybrid of analogue and digital technology, superseded by IS-136

IS-95
Cellular standard know also as cdmaOne

IS-136
Cellular standard also known as TDMA or D-AMPS

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network

ISO
International Standards Organisation

ISP
Internet Service Provider

ITU
International Telecommunications Union

ITU-R
ITU Telecommunications Radio Sector

ITU-T
ITU Telecommunications Standardisation Sector

IWF
Interworking Function

Java
A programming language developed by Sun Microsystems Java is characterised by the fact that programs written in Java do not rely on an operating system

JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group

LAN
Local Area Network

LANS
Local Area Network Services

LAP
Link Access Protocol

LEO
Low Earth Orbit; refers to satellites which orbit the Earth at around 1,000 kilometres

LMSS
Land Mobile Satellite Service

LOS
Line of Sight

MAC
Media Access Control; the lower sublayer of the OSI system

MAN
Metropolitan Area Network

MAP
Mobile Application Part

Mbit/s
Megabit: a unit of data transmission speed equal to one million bits per second

MHz
Megahertz; a unit of frequency equal to one million Hertz

MCPA
Multi Carrier Power Amplifier

MeXe
Mobile Execution Environment; likely to be based on Java, MeXe enables WAP-enabled devices to offer a wider range of features with greater security and flexibility, as well as greater control of telephony features

MFSK
Multiple Frequency Shift Keying

MMI
Man Machine Interface

MMS
Multimedia Messaging Service; an evolution of SMS, MMS goes beyond text messaging offering various kinds of multimedia content including images, audio and video clips

MMSK
Modified Minimum Shift Keying

MNO
Mobile Network Operator

Modulation
The process of imposing an information signal on a carrier. This can be done by changing the amplitude (AM), the frequency (FM) or the phase, or any combination of these

MoU
Memorandum of Understanding-
see GSM MoU

MPEG
Motion Picture Experts Group; MPEG4 is a technology for compressing voice and video so that the information can be transmitted over normally difficult links such as mobile radio

MS
Mobile Station

MSC
Mobile Switching Centre; the switching centre of a mobile phone network, the MSC has interfaces to the BSCs, HLR, VLR and other MSCs

MSISDN
Mobile Station International ISDN Number

MSK
Minimum Shift Keying; Another term for FFSK

Multiplexing
A telecommunications technique where several channels can be combined to share the same transmission medium. The most common forms are Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

MVPN
Mobile Virtual Private Network

N-AMPS
Narrowband AMPS

NB
Normal Burst; used to carry traffic and control channels except RACH

NET
Norme Europeenne de Telecommunications

NMT
Nordic Mobile Telephone system; an analogue cellular technology deployed in the Nordic countries in the late 1970’s; variations were also deployed in the Benelux countries and in Russia. NMT operated in the 450 and 900MHz bands and was the first technology to offer international roaming, albeit only in the Nordic countries

Node B
The element in a UMTS network which interfaces with the mobile station, analogous to a BTS in a GSM network

OTA
Over the air activation (of services and tariff changes)

O&M
Operations and Maintenance

OMC
Operations and Maintenance Centre

OMC-R
The radio OMC

OMC-S
The switching OMC

OSI
Open Systems Interconnection; a seven layer model for protocols defined by ISO

PACS
Personal Access Communication System; a digital cordless technology developed initially by Bell Labs in the US, PACS was designed to compete with DECT

Packet switching
A communication system wherein the information is transmitted in packets of a set size. These packets have address headers and find their way to their destination by the most efficient route through the network. Compared to circuit switching where a connection is occupied until the traffic exchange is completed, packet switching offers considerable efficiencies as connections can be used by a number of users simultaneously

PAMR
Public Access Mobile Radio; Commercial service using trunking techniques in which multiple groups of users can set up their own closed systems within a shared public network

PAP
Public Access Profile; a DECT term

PCH
Paging Channel; downlink only, the MS is informed of incoming calls by the BTS via the PCH

PCM
Pulse Code Modulation; the standard digital voice format at 64kbit/s

PCMCIA
Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Association the body responsible for defining the standards and formats for memory expansion cards for laptop computers and PDAs. Now extended to cover cards for mobile phones

PCN
Personal Communications Network; a designation initially used in the UK to refer to networks operating in the 1800MHz band (see also DCS1800). No longer in use

PCS 1900
Personal Communications Systems 1900MHz; the terminology used in the US to describe the new digital networks being deployed in the 1900MHz band; rarely used today

PCU
Packet Control Unit; an element in a GPRS/UMTS network

PDA
Personal Digital Assistant

PDC
Personal Digital Communications; a digital cellular technology developed and deployed uniquely in Japan. A TDMA technology, PDC is incompatible with any other digital cellular standard

PEDC
Pan European Digital Communications; A designation occasionally used in the early 1990’s to describe GSM. No longer in use

Penetration
The percentage of the total population which owns a mobile phone

PHS / PHP
Personal HandyPhone System/Phone; a digital cordless technology developed in Japan which achieved great success. Deployed by NTT DoCoMo and other Japanese operators PHS offered two-way communications, data services and Internet access and eventually won some 28 million customers. Now in decline as cellular’s wide area capabilities offer better service

PIN
Personal Identifier Number

PKI
Public Key Infrastructure

PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network; any cellular operator’s network

PMR
Private Mobile Radiocommunications; two-way radio technology widely used for despatch and delivery services, taxi companies and the like. See TETRA

POCSAG
Post Office Code Standardisation Group; a now defunct industry grouping which standardised pager addressing systems

PoP
Points of Presence; a method of measuring the value of a cellular licence; the approximate number of potential customers within a geographical area

POTS
Plain Old Telephone Service

PROM
Programmable Read Only Memory

PSK
Phase Shift Keying

PSRCP
Public Safety Radio Communications Project; an initiative by the UK Government to standardise all emergency services communications on to a single digital technology (see TETRA)

PSDN
Public Switched Data Network

PSPDN
Public Switched Packet Data Network

PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network

PSU
Power Supply Unit

PTO
Public Telecommunication Operator

PTT
Posts, Telephone and Telegraph Administration

PTT
Push-to-Talk; a feature of PMR systems

PWT
Personal Wireless Telecommunications; a variant of DECT developed for use in the USA

QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QAPSK
Quadrature Amplitude Phase Shift Keying

QCELP
Quadrature Code Excited Linear Prediction

QoS
Quality of Service; a broad term to describe the performance attributes of an end-to-end connection

QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RACE
Research in Advanced Communications in Europe

RACH
Random Access Channel; uplink only, allows the MS to request an SDCCH in response to a page or for a call

RAM
Random Access Memory

RFP
Radio Fixed Part; equivalent to a base station in a DECT system

RCC
Radio Common Carrier

RELP
Regular pulse Excitation Linear Prediction coding

Reuse
The assignment of frequencies or channels to cells so that adjoining cells do not use the same frequencies and cause interference whereas more distant cells can use the same frequencies. Reuse expands the capacity of a cellular network by enabling the use of the same channels throughout the network

RP
Radio Part

RNC
Radio Network Controller; the element which controls the Node Bs within a UMTS network. It is roughly analogous to a BSC in a GSM network

Roaming
A service unique to GSM which enables a subscriber to make and receive calls when outside the service area of his home network e.g. when travelling abroad

Router
A device which forwards information in a network on a connectionless basis

RRM
Radio Resource Management, part of the UMTS infrastructure

RT
Remote Terminal

SACCH
Slow Associated Control Channel; transmits continuous measurements in parallel with operation of TCH or SDCCH; needed for handover decisions

SAR
Specific Absorption Rate

SB
Synchronisation Burst; used for time synchronisation of the mobile

S-CDMA
Synchronous CDMA (see CDMA)

SCH
Synchronisation Channel; downlink only frame synchronisation and identification of base station

SCP
Switching/Service Control Point

SDCCH
Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel; communications channel between the MS and the BTS. Used for signalling during call set-up before a TCH is allocated

SDLC
Synchronous Data Link Control

SDMA
Spatial Division Multiple Access

SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node; the gateway between the RNC and the core network in a GPRS/UMTS network

SIM
Subscriber Identity Module; A smart card containing the telephone number of the subscriber, encoded network identification details, the PIN and other user data such as the phone book. A user’s SIM card can be moved from phone to phone as it contains all the key information required to activate the phone

SoHo
Small Office/Home Office

Streaming
An Internet derived expression for the one-way transmission of video and audio content

STK
SIM ToolKit: specified within the GSM standard, this allows operators to add additional functions to the phone menu in order to provide new services such as mobile banking or email

SMR
Specialised Mobile Radio; the US term for private mobile radio (See PMR)

SMS
Short Message Service; a text message service which enables users to send short messages (160 characters) to other users. A very popular service, particularly amongst young people, with 400 billion SMS messages sent worldwide in 2002

SMSC
SMS Centre-the network entity which switches SMS traffic

SMSCB
SMS Cell Broadcast

SMS-MO
SMS Mobile Originated

SMS-MT
SMS Mobile Terminated

SMS-PP
SMS Point to Point

SP
Service Provider

SQAM
Staggered Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

SQPSK
Staggered Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

SS
Supplementary Service Support; handles special services

SS7
Signalling System Number 7 (See CCS7)

SSP
Service Switching Point

STM
Synchronous Transfer Mode

Symbian
A company created by Psion, Nokia, Ericsson and Motorola in 1998 with the aim of developing and standardising an operating system which enable mobile phones from different manufacturers to exchange information The operating system is known as EPOC. Matsushita has subsequently joined Symbian

TACS
Total Access Communications System (an AMPS variant deployed in a number of countries principally the UK)

TAP
Transferred Account Procedure; the essential charging methodology for international GSM roaming. There have been four TAP standards, TAP1, TAP2, TAP2+ and TAP3. The latter offers variable record length and is sufficiently flexible to support all future requirements arising from the move to 3G

TBR
Technical Basis for Regulation (part of the ETSI standardisation process)

TCH
Traffic Channel

TD-CDMA
Time Division CDMA

TD-SCDMA
Time Division-Synchronous CDMA; a CDMA variant developed by Chinese vendors which is claimed to offer high data rates and greater coverage

TDD
Time Division Duplex; a radio technology for use in unpaired spectrum. WCDMA/UMTS includes a band for TDD mode usage and both PHS and DECT use this technology

TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access; a technique for multiplexing multiple users onto a single channel on a single carrier by splitting the carrier into time slots and allocating these on a as-needed basis

Telematics
A wireless communications system designed for the collection and dissemination of information, particularly refers to vehicle-based electronic systems, vehicle tracking and positioning, on-line vehicle navigation and information systems and emergency assistance

TETRA
Terrestrial Trunked Radio; a European developed digital private mobile radio technology which is now being extensively deployed worldwide

Tetrapol
A competitive digital PMR technology to TETRA developed by French vendors

TFTS
Terrestrial Flight Telephone System

Timeslot
A frame within a TDMA schema; has a time interval of 576 microseconds. Physical content of a timeslot is known as a burst. Five different burst types exist, they are distinguished by different TDMA frame divisions (see NB, FB, SB, AB and DB)

TIPHON
Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonisation over Networks; an ETSI project designed to support the market for voice communications and voice band communications. In particular TIPHON will ensure that users on IP-based networks can communicate with those on circuit switched networks

TMN
Telecommunications Management Network

TMSI
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity; covers the IMSI to prevent over-the-air interception and tracing

TRAU
Transcoder Rate Adapter Unit; the transport unit for a 16kbit/s traffic channel on the A-bis interface

Tri-band
Refers to a mobile phone able to operate on the three internationally designated GSM frequencies- 900, 1800 and 1900MHz

TrueSync
A technology which enables the optimal synchronisation of calendars, address books, action lists and memoranda. It enables multi-point, one-step synchronisation of wireless and wireline devices, desktop computers and server-based applications and services

TRX
Transmitter/receiver (transceiver)

UI
User Interface

Um
The air interface between the BTS and the MS in a GSM network

Uu
The air interface between the Node B and the MS in a UMTS network.

UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System; the European entrant for 3G; now subsumed into the IMT-2000 family as the WCDMA technology.

UPN
Universal Personal Number

UPT
Universal Personal Telecommunications

URL
Uniform Resource Locator; the addressing system of the Internet

USO
Universal Service Obligation

UTRA
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access; the air interface component of WCDMA.

UTRAN
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network; the UMTS radio access network comprising the RNC, Node B and the air interface

USIM
Universal Subscriber Identity Module; the 3G equivalent of the GSM SIM

UWB
Ultra Wide Band

VAS
Value Added Services

VBR
Variable Bit Rate

VHE
Virtual Home Environment

VLR
Visitor Location Register

Vocoder
Voice coder

VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol

VPN
Virtual Private Network

VSAT
Very Small Aperture Terminal

VSELP
Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction

WAP
Wireless Application Protocol; a de facto standard for enabling mobile phones to access the Internet and advanced services. Users can access websites and pages which have been converted by the use of WML into stripped-down versions of the original more suitable for the limited display capabilities of mobile phones

WARC
World Administration Radio Conference; an ITU conference held at regular intervals to determine the allocation of spectrum for various services

WCDMA
Wideband CDMA; the technology created from a fusion of proposals to act as the European entrant for the ITU IMT-2000 family

WLL
Wireless Local Loop; a technique for providing telephony and low speed data services to fixed customers using wireless. Regarded as having considerably potential for rapidly addressing the telecommunications gap in developing countries. A number of different WLL solutions have been marketed based on cellular and cordless technologies

WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network; a short range radio network normally deployed in traffic hotspots such as airport lounges, hotels and restaurants. WLAN enables suitably equipped users to access the fixed network wirelessly, providing high speed access (up to 11Mbit/s download) to distant servers. The key WLAN technologies are the IEEE802.11 family and ETSI HIPERLAN/2

WML
Wireless Markup Language; a markup language developed specifically for wireless applications. WML is based on XML

WQAM
Weighted Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

WWW

World Wide Web

XML
eXtended Markup Language